Powered By Blogger

Sabtu, 25 Mei 2013

GRAMMAR ON TOEFL TEST



A. TENSES
PRESENT TENSES
In Simple Present, the action is simply mentioned and there is nothing being said about its completeness.
I eat.
I sleep.
I play.
In Present Continuous, the action is on-going/ still going on and hence continuous.
I am eating.
I am sleeping.
I am playing.
In Present Perfect, the action is complete or has ended and hence termed Perfect.
I have eaten.
I have slept.
I have played.
In Present Perfect Continuous, the action has been taking place for some time and is still ongoing.
I have been eating.
I have been sleeping.
I have been playing.

PAST TENSES

In Simple Past, the action is simply mentioned and understood to have taken place in the past.
I ate.
I slept.
I played.
In Past Continuous, the action was ongoing till a certain time in the past.
I was eating.
I was sleeping.
I was playing.
Past Perfect is used to express something that happened before another action in the past.
I had eaten.
I had slept.
I had played.
Past Perfect Continuous is used to express something that started in the past and continued until another time in the past.
I had been eating.
I had been sleeping.
I had been playing.

FUTURE TENSES

Simple Future is used when we plan or make a decision to do something. Nothing is said about the time in the future.
I will eat.
I will sleep.
I will play.
The future continuous tense is used to express action at a particular moment in the future. However, the action will not have finished at the moment.
I will be eating at 9 a.m.
I will be sleeping when you arrive.
I will be playing at 5 p.m.
 
Future Perfect expresses action that will occur in the future before another action in the future.
I will have eaten before 10 a.m.
I will have slept before you arrive.
I will have played before 6 p.m.
Future Perfect Continuous is used to talk about an on-going action before some point in the future.
I will have been sleeping for two hours when you arrive.
I will have been playing for an hour when it is 5 p.m.

B. Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences (also known as "conditional clauses" or "if clauses") are made up of two halves. One half (the half with the word "if" in) is a condition, and the other half (the main clause) states the action to occur if the condition is fulfilled.

There are three types of conditional sentence:
Conditional Sentence Type 1

Type 1 sentences are used when it is likely that the condition will be fulfilled. It is formed like this:

"if" + [Simple Present], "will" + [Verb]


·         If you swallow some of the cleaning fluid, it will kill you.
·         If I get a little humility, I will be perfect.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

Type 2 sentences are used when it is unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled. It is formed like this:

"if" +[Simple Past], "would" + [Verb]


·         If you swallowed some of the cleaning fluid, it would kill you.
·         If I had a little humility, I would be perfect.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

Type 3 sentences are used when it is impossible for condition to be fulfilled because the possibility has already passed. It is formed like this:

"if" + [Past Perfect], "would have" + [Past Participle]


·         If you had swallowed some of the cleaning fluid, it would have killed you.
·         If I had had a little humility, I would have been perfect.


Using Commas in Conditional Sentences

When the condition is at the start of the sentence (like in all the examples above), it is usual to separate it from the main clause with a comma. However, if the condition is at the back of the sentence,it is less common to use a comma. (You can still use a comma to assist your reader if you think it aids understanding.)


·         It will kill you if you swallow some of the cleaning fluid.
·         I would have been perfect if I had had a little humility.


The Example of Grammar in Toefl Questions
1. With the passing of time and the encroachment of people, the habitat of gorillas ______ to decrease.
           a. Continuing
       b. Which continue
       c. Continues
       d. That it has continued
         Answer :   c. continues
                           Because this is sentence to use simple present tense

2.   Despite being basically arboreal in nature, koalas ________ to inhabit a specific territory and range of some 30 square miles.
            a. Knowing
            b. Which know
            c. Are knowing
            d. Are known
Answer :   d. are known
Because this is sentence to use simple past tense

3. “If I had been in your place, I ________________(say) this.”
(a) “If I had been in your place, I would have said this.”
(b) “If I had being in your place, I would have said this.”
(c) Don’t Know

Answer : a. “If I had been in your place, I would have said this.
5. I will call you next week if I________(want) a lesson.
(a) I will call you next week if I want a lesson.
(b) I would call you next week if I want a lesson.
(c) Don’t Know

answer : a. I will call you next week if I want a lesson.

Tidak ada komentar:

Posting Komentar